Math Symbols Help
Mathematics Publishing
The engineering focus of this wiki is centered on information sharing which includes publishing a voluminous amount of mathematics related to Robonation Projects that the Engineering Club engages.
Math code Display
The Math library installed in this wiki provides support for Mathematics Notation. Attribute display with the two options "inline" and "block".
Inline
If the the value of the display attribute is inline the render will render math in inline mode, i.e. there will be no new paragraph for the equation and the operators will be rendered consuming only little vertical space.
Example
converges to 2.
The next line-width is not disturbed by large operators.
The code for the math example reads:
Block
In block-style the equation is rendered in its own paragraph and the operator are rendered consuming less horizontal space.
Example
The equation
is used in a joke about mathematicians entering a bar and ordering beer.
Functions, symbols, special characters
Accents/diacritics | |
|---|---|
Standard numerical functions | |
Bounds | |
Projections | |
Differentials and derivatives | |
Letter-like symbols or constants | |
Modular arithmetic | |
Radicals | |
Operators | |
Sets | |
Relations | |
Geometric | |
Logic | |
Arrows | |
Special | |
Unsorted (new stuff) |
For a little more semantics on these symbols, see the brief TeX Cookbook.
Larger expressions
Subscripts, superscripts, integrals
) ) ) ) ) ) ) , alternative limits style)| Feature | Syntax | How it looks rendered |
|---|---|---|
| Superscript | ||
| Subscript | ||
| Grouping | ||
| Combining sub & super without and with horizontal separation | ||
| Super super | ||
| Preceding and/or additional sub & super | ||
| Stacking | ||
| Derivatives | ||
| Derivative dots | ||
| Underlines, overlines, vectors | ||
| Arc (workaround) | ||
| Arrows | ||
| Overbraces | ||
| Underbraces | ||
| Sum | ||
| Sum in a fraction (alternative limits style) | ||
| Product | ||
| Coproduct | ||
| Limit | ||
| Integral | ||
| Integral (alternative limits style) | ||
| Double integral | ||
| Triple integral | ||
| Quadruple integral | ||
| Line or path integral | ||
| Closed line or path integral | ||
| Intersections | ||
| Unions |
Fractions, matrices, multilines
Note does not work with MathJax \begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots & 0 \begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots & 0 \begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \bigl( \begin{smallmatrix} a&b\\ c&d \end{smallmatrix} \bigr) \bigl( \begin{smallmatrix} a&b\\ c&d \end{smallmatrix} \bigr) \begin{alignat}{2} f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\ & = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\ \end{alignat} \begin{alignat}{2} f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\ & = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\ \end{alignat} \begin{array}{lcl} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \begin{array}{lcl} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z| Feature | Syntax | How it looks rendered |
|---|---|---|
| Fractions
| ||
| Small fractions
| ||
| Large (normal) fractions
| ||
| Large (nested) fractions
| ||
| Binomial coefficients
| ||
| Small binomial coefficients
| ||
| Large (normal) binomial coefficients
| ||
| Matrices
\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v \begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v | ||
| Case distinctions
f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2, & \text{if }n\text{ is even} \\ 3n+1, & \text{if }n\text{ is odd} f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2, & \text{if }n\text{ is even} \\ 3n+1, & \text{if }n\text{ is odd} | ||
| Multiline equations
\begin{align} f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\ & = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\ \end{align}
| ||
| Multiline equations (more)
\begin{array}{lcr} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \begin{array}{lcr} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z | ||
| Breaking up a long expression so that it wraps when necessary, at the expense of destroying correct spacing
f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n = a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n = | ||
| Simultaneous equations
\begin{cases} 3x + 5y + z \\ 7x - 2y + 4z \\ -6x + 3y + 2z \begin{cases} 3x + 5y + z \\ 7x - 2y + 4z \\ -6x + 3y + 2z | ||
| Arrays
\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\ \hline 0&0&1\\ 0&1&1\\ 1&0&1\\ 1&1&0\\ \end{array}
|
Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars
| Feature | Syntax | How it looks rendered |
|---|---|---|
| Bad
| ||
| Good
|
You can use various delimiters with \left and \right:
as long as \left and \right match do not want a delimiter to appear| Feature | Syntax | How it looks rendered |
|---|---|---|
| Parentheses
| ||
| Brackets
| ||
| Braces
| ||
| Angle brackets
| ||
| Bars and double bars
| ||
| Floor and ceiling functions:
| ||
| Slashes and backslashes
| ||
| Up, down, and up-down arrows
| ||
| Size of the delimiters (add "l" or "r" to indicate the side for proper spacing)
|
Equation numbering
The templates {{NumBlk}} and {{EquationRef}} can be used to number equations. The template {{EquationNote}} can be used to refer to a numbered equation from surrounding text. For example, the following syntax:
produces the following result (note the equation number in the right margin):
Later on, the text can refer to this equation by its number using syntax like this:
The result looks like this:
- As seen in equation (Template:EquationNote), blah blah blah...
Note that the equation number produced by {{EquationNote}} is a link that the user can click to go immediately to the cited equation.
Alphabets and typefaces
Texvc cannot render arbitrary Unicode characters. Those it can handle can be entered by the expressions below. For others, such as Cyrillic, they can be entered as Unicode or HTML entities in running text, but cannot be used in displayed formulas.
| Greek alphabet | |
|---|---|
| Hebrew symbols | |
| Blackboard bold/scripts | |
| Boldface | |
| Boldface (Greek) | |
| Italics (default for Latin alphabet) | |
| Greek italics (default for lowercase Greek) | |
| Roman typeface | |
| Sans serif | |
| Sans serif Greek (capital only) | |
| Calligraphy/script | |
| Fraktur typeface | |
| Small scriptstyle text |
Mixed text faces
| Feature | Syntax | How it looks rendered |
|---|---|---|
| Italicised characters (spaces are ignored)
| ||
| Non-italicised characters
| ||
| Mixed italics (bad)
| ||
| Mixed italics (good)
| ||
| Mixed italics (alternative: ~ or "\ " forces a space)
|
Color
. For example
There are several alternate notations styles
works with both texvc and MathJax
works with both texvc and MathJax
only works with MathJax
Some color names are predeclared according to the following table, you can use them directly for the rendering of formulas (or for declaring the intended color of the page background).
Note that color should not be used as the only way to identify something, because it will become meaningless on black-and-white media or for color-blind people. See Wikipedia:Manual of Style (accessibility)#Color.
Custom colours can be defined using
Formatting issues
Spacing
Note that Template:TeX handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control.
| Feature | Syntax | How it looks rendered |
|---|---|---|
| double quad space
| ||
| quad space
| ||
| text space
| ||
| text space without PNG conversion
| ||
| large space
| ||
| medium space | [not supported] | |
| small space
| ||
| tiny space (use for multiplication of factors)
| ||
| no space (use for multi-letter variables)
| ||
| small negative space
|
Automatic spacing may be broken in very long expressions (because they produce an overfull hbox in Template:TeX):
This can be remedied by putting a pair of braces { } around the whole expression:
Alignment with normal text flow
Due to the default CSS
should look good.
argument until you get it right; however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.
Also note that if you rely on this workaround, if/when the rendering on the server gets fixed in future releases, as a result of this extra manual offset your formulae will suddenly be aligned incorrectly. So use it sparingly, if at all.